This helps answer part of your question.
My understanding is that federal funding to states between 1920 and 1954 made up over half of public school funding, but it wasn’t earmarked for education- it’s just that’s what states used it for because that was one of their primary expenses. That funding dropped significantly in the 50s and again in the 80s to reach the paltry 8% it is now.
You won’t find that on the DoE website. Property taxes were invented in order to cover for the loss of funding. They also lead to the unequal distribution of funding regionally within states, with wealthier districts getting more funding unless, like in New York and Oregon, there are laws to redistribute the funding to cover the educational needs of every district.
