i visited the yucatan and saw a mayan ball court had the same questions. I dont know why i never looked it up until now (your comment prompted me) but just saw what looked like a recreation of the sport, and in the video i saw, it looked like the guys almost could walk up a ramp right next to a larger ring to make a goal. Which still doesn’t totally explain the smaller rings high up on a wall. Im not saying there wasn’t a way to do it but im still confused and very curious.
This is the video I just watched (a player makes a goal near the end of the clip): Xcaret - Pok-ta-Pok - Mayan ball game - YouTube