Only 27 states allow for unconditional absentee voting. 20 others require an excuse (the remaining 3 are vote-by-mail). There are also only 34 states that provide early voting days.
The rules for acceptable absentee ballot excuses varies by state, but broadly they include: military service, illness/injury/disability, being an out-of-state student, and traveling out of state on the day of the election. Generally speaking, in these conditional states, absentee ballot distribution is at the discretion of the county clerk, so I’m sure there’s no issue with typically-disadvantaged people being denied absentee ballots on technicalities.
There are a lot of people who refuse to vote, and they should be encouraged to change that attitude. However, there are also a huge number of people who are unable to vote for legal reasons, are unable to vote for physical or mental reasons which prevent them from reliably being able to get to or stay at the polls, are afraid of losing their job if they take the time off to vote (whether it’s legal or not, businesses do fire people for protected reasons and then excuse it with any other of a litany of reasons to fire someone), think they’re registered but actually aren’t (whether because of voter ID laws or purges), are making best-effort attempts to comply with stricter registration requirements but have missed deadlines, or have given up because of the roadblocks placed in their way. And there are substantial roadblocks in many states that have been erected over the last couple of decades, many explicitly targeted at students, people of color, and the poor.
In a perfect world where everyone had immediate and easy access to a ballot, focusing on the people who refuse to vote would be the most prominent item on everyone’s to-do list. However, I think it serves us just as well – if not better – to first lower the bar for those who want to vote, but are unable to for any number of perfectly valid reasons. Focus more on the stories of people being actively prevented from voting, because they’re the low-hanging fruit when it comes to increasing civic engagement.
Voting is a right, and it’s an obligation. But it’s important to make it easy to exercise that right, and at the moment, it very often isn’t. It’s easy to sit in a computer chair and bang on about how people aren’t prioritizing their lives correctly if they’re putting food over voting (especially if you’re white, and double especially if you’re also male), but you’re not living their reality and you don’t know what they’re facing that might be demotivating them from taking advantage of that right. Again, voter suppression doesn’t have to be padlocks on the door or inscrutable literacy tests. It can be as simple as requiring only certain kinds of ID, then making it harder than necessary to obtain it. You might be able to take an hour off of work to go vote or vote before/after work (assuming you work nearby, have a car, can drive to the polling location, and the line isn’t out the door as it often is in many urban and suburban areas). But if you work weekdays, or you work multiple jobs, how easy is it going to be for you to take the extra time off work to go to the government office where they distribute valid voter IDs and sit around for hours waiting to have your name called? How easy will it be to drive back there and wait even longer if you forgot to bring/simply don’t have/the clerk rejects one of the forms of ID required to get that voter ID card? Now take out the car and say you have to go there by bus. Say your job is across town from the voter ID office, and you live even further away than that. How easy is it now? How much time and effort are you willing to invest in this process? How much time and energy do you have? Say you have a physical or mental disability. How easy is it to navigate this mess now?