The 2 party system is to blame, and it directly results from our reliance on winner-takes-all to decide who wins an election. People must choose from only two parties, or else cede the election to a possible minority vote winner via the spoiler effect.
This has two very hostile and negative effects on the democracy:
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Voters MUST vote strategically – e.g. not vote for the candidates who they prefer, and instead must vote for the candidate who will win. Unfortunately, strategic voting is HIGHLY nonintuitive, and the insistence that they vote strategically – i.e. “anyone but candidate X” – confuses, disenfranchises, and disempowers voters. Democracy is about choice, and strategic voting negates that.
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Invariably this results in a Two Party system, consisting of two parties who literally have little incentive to work hard on behalf of the voters. You’ll witness anomalous candidates like Obama and Trump who are able to ride in on waves of popular appeal from time to time, but most of the time the parties focus on what’s best for their donors.
E.g. Obama was allowable because he was a liberal centrist, but much of the opposition to his more expansive vision for a healthcare system came from his own party, a pattern which would repeat itself a handful of times over his 8 years. Bernie was blatantly disallowed because, despite his popular appeal, the party apparatus found his rhetoric threatening to the corporate donors.
Now the GOP’s story is very interesting. Instead of mere failure to work on behalf of their constituents, they decided back in the 70’s to wag the dog instead: they crafted a popular narrative of revulsion to Civil Rights and anything even loosely resembling “liberalism”. Their think tanks worked overtime to create wedge issues around abortion, guns, taxation, and race, and with the rise of talk radio and Fox News they were able to saturate and own their voters with a consistent and self-reinforcing narrative. Gone from the discussion were such questions as “who shipped American jobs overseas?” and “why is my healthcare so expensive?” replaced by false narrative of “Big Government liberalism running amok with your tax dollars!”
When social media came along with its propensity to echo-chambering, targeted messaging, and Russian trolling things got even WEIRDER for the GOP. The memes their think tanks had lovingly crafted over the past couple of decades mutated into conspiracy theories, massive paranoia, out-in-the-open racism, xenophobia, and fear. Trump is the bastard offspring of Fox News propaganda, social media, and foreign intrusion.
But the problem I see again and again is that we tend to focus blame on the parties or individual actors: “THE DEMOCRATS are the problem!!!” or “Trump is reprehensible and repugnant in every way!” instead of the simple mechanical reason why we’re stuck with two parties in the first place: winner takes all.
There are some states and cities conducting their local elections using Ranked Choice Voting (nee Instant Runoff Voting), which seems like an easy-to-implement and attractive alternative to Winner Takes All, and which would loosen the grip of (if not entirely eliminate) the two party hegemony. RCV eliminates the spoiler effect, and allows voters to choose a number of candidates ranked according to their preferences.